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the dart mission is nasa's first test of

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a planetary defense technique called

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kinetic impactor and it's going to smash

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itself into the moonlit dimorphose which

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orbits the asteroid dynamos in order to

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change demorphos orbit and show that we

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can deflect incoming asteroids if we

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need to i lead a group of astronomers

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that are going to measure how much dark

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changed demorphos's orbit using

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ground-based telescopes all over the

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world this is an animation you can see

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dynamos and demorphos is one point of

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light these curves show the brightness

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change due to demorphos moving in front

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of and behind dynamos we can tell how

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quickly demorphos is moving around

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dynamos we make these measurements

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before dart arrives and then this is the

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same technique that we'll use after the

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impact to determine how much we've

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i make music a lot of it as you might

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imagine has nothing to do with science

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but a lot of it does you know i'm not

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not immune to the charms of writing uh

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writing a gimmicky science song every

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once in a while

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so um i did write a song about dart the

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mission goes

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should name the trick a lot of

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scientists definitely have a creative

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side a lot of us right a lot of us are

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in bands or there's a lot who paint and

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i think having that creative part of

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your brain definitely helps in science

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just as much as it does in art practice

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hi everyone i'm josh handel and i'm a

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public affairs officer here at nasa and

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i'm so excited to be joined today by

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andy rivkin who you just had the

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opportunity to meet andy thank you so

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much for joining us today

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it's a pleasure josh thanks for having

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me

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of course andy's here to answer your

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questions about planetary defense at

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nasa and the dart mission if you have a

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question you'd like to ask andy about

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planetary defense or dart send it in

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using the hashtag ask nasa or by writing

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in the comment box of wherever you're

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watching today's broadcast

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so andy we just learned a little bit

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more about you from your video and your

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work with dart but can you please tell

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us a bit more about why this mission is

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so important

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sure it's my pleasure um

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asteroid impacts into earth are one of

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the only maybe the only

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natural disaster that we can predict

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very far ahead of time and that we can

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also do something about so there are a

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few different ways that people have come

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up with to address

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asteroid impacts and prevent them from

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happening uh dart is a test of a

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technique called the kinetic impactor

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where we basically take an a a

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spacecraft and we ram it into

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an asteroid and by doing that we change

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the orbit of uh the asteroid so that in

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principle if something were coming our

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way we could move the orbit so that it

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wow that's a great answer thanks andy

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and i actually see that we're already

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starting to get some questions in from

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our viewers so we're going to go ahead

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and get started and as a reminder if you

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have a question for andy you can send it

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in using the hashtag asknasa or by

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writing in the comment box of rover

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you're watching today's broadcast all

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right andy are you ready

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i am let's go first

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our first question comes from robert

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clauderson on facebook who asks

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will we be able to know what the

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composition of dimorphous is by looking

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at the light from the impact of dart

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that's a great question um we have a

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pretty good idea of what the composition

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of dynamos is the main body

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our theories of how asteroid moons form

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suggests that demorphos should be made

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of the same material

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um

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when uh

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when the the dart impact engine

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demorphos occurs we expect there to be a

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lot of debris that's that's thrown out

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uh into into uh space by that impact

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i don't think we're going to be able to

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directly measure the composition of that

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dust but certainly we're going to try

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and then the european hera mission will

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be showing up

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a few years after the dart impact

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and they will be able to directly

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measure the composition of demorphos so

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they'll be able to confirm

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a lot of what

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we've been thinking

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so it sounds like we have an idea of

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what it's made of but we won't really

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know until we get there is that correct

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yeah that's that's correct we we think

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that uh dynamos is made of the same kind

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of material as

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what we call ordinary chondrite

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meteorites so they're very common uh

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material that falls to earth we think

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it's the same kind of composition that

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the asteroid utica has that the asteroid

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arrows has and that the asteroid apophis

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has so it's it's a common material that

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is

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pretty commonly uh what uh what falls to

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our next question comes from indy magoo

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on youtube who asks

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would you try to find an object with a

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higher albedo so it would be easier to

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um

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we uh so for for those out there that

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are not familiar with what albino is

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albedo is how reflective a surface is so

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uh something like snow uh is is very

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reflective has a high albedo as we say

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uh something like tar or or a charcoal

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briquette has a very low albedo it's

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very dark um as suggested uh high albedo

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objects are more visible from far away

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uh one of the things in in asteroid

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science is we don't always get to pick

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what uh what our targets are like the

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targets pick that for themselves so uh

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dynamos has an albedo we think of about

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15 to 20 percent uh so typical for rock

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um

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and dynamos has so many other great

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properties for for carrying out uh dart

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uh that it's kind of even regardless of

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albedo it was clearly going to be the

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our next question comes from viswa deep

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on youtube who asks

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what are possible options to deflect a

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that's a great question

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the

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answer depends a lot on how much warning

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time we have before we have to deflect

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the asteroid um and the size of the

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object so um dart is part of kind of an

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overall national strategy

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for uh dealing with uh asteroid impacts

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one of the other pieces is doing a

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search to find objects that are out

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there that might be hazardous and find

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them as soon as we can

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the longer the warning time we have the

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more different options we have

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um

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and some of the options might be if an

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object is small enough uh that we just

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say okay it's going to burn up in the

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atmosphere we're not going to worry

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about it

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we'll just enjoy the enjoy the meteor

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that it makes and

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maybe pick up some some little pieces if

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they make it to the ground

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so dart is obviously testing one form of

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asteroid deflection technology but it

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sounds like a key

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point for it to work is that we would

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need to find a potential threat early is

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that correct

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yes that's that's kind of true for

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almost any any of the techniques that uh

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people have considered there are other

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techniques uh including

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civil defense which would in fact be go

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and and uh waited out in the basement

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the most powerful um

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tool we have in our toolbox is to use a

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nuclear device to

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detonate nearby

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a threatening asteroid vaporize part of

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it and and deflect it that way uh but

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we obviously want to have as many

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different tools in our toolbox as we can

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because we're going to be faced with

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different uh different scenarios so we

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want to make sure we have the right tool

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for the right job

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so kind of following up on how we're

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going to know dart will work

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videographer on youtube asks

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will we measure before and after impact

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or will we only look at accelerations at

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the moment of impact and how will we

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know these measurements will how will

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these measurements be taken

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it's another great question a lot of

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great questions out there um

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from the earth

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dynamos and demorphos are going to

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appear as a single point of light we're

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not going to see them separate

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so what we can do and what we will do is

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measure the brightness of the system uh

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as it as it

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as demorphos goes around

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and from the point of view of the earth

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the morphos will move in front of and

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behind dytamos

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and that will make the brightness go up

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and down as it does that we've been

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measuring that brightness for years uh

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people have been measuring it in some

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form or another probably since 2003 but

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we've been measuring it for this project

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since 2015

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so we know the period of that orbit very

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well

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after the impact we're going to keep

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measuring it we're going to keep

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measuring the brightness of this point

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of light going up and down we're going

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to measure the new frequency with which

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uh the brightness changes compare that

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to the pre-impact measurements and be

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able to say okay the orbit period was 11

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hours and 55 minutes before the impact

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now it's 11 hours and 45 minutes or 38

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minutes or whatever it is

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that gives us the information we need to

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our next question comes from

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alan reinke on facebook who asks what

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are the characteristics of the

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spacecraft itself

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the spacecraft is um about the size of a

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vending machine

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uh not counting the solar panels uh so

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it's uh two meters by two meters by two

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and a half meters something like that

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but a vending machine

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the solar panels which you can see in

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the video here are rollout solar panels

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that's one of the new technologies that

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are that's being

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tested out

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on dart when those are fully deployed

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then those are

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18 meters from tip to tip which is a

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little a little bigger than kind of the

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length of a typical bus

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um

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so we're going to uh take this

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spacecraft it's uh several hundred

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kilograms in mass i think five or six

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hundred kilograms of mass and it is

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going to impact demorphos

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um demorphos is about the size of one of

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the pyramids of egypt and it's going to

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impact it at something like uh

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six or a half kilometers a second

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in imperial units if you prefer that's

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something like four miles a second so

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00:10:38,389 --> 00:10:36,959
uh basically we're firing this vending

280
00:10:39,509 --> 00:10:38,399
machine at one of the pyramids in each

281
00:10:42,389 --> 00:10:39,519
of egypt

282
00:10:46,069 --> 00:10:44,389
so kind of following up on that

283
00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:46,079
how is it possible that something so

284
00:10:49,670 --> 00:10:47,519
small you're saying the size of a

285
00:10:51,990 --> 00:10:49,680
vending machine you know impacting a

286
00:10:53,990 --> 00:10:52,000
pyramid essentially and size how can

287
00:10:56,310 --> 00:10:54,000
something so small change something so

288
00:11:00,150 --> 00:10:56,320
big how can that motion and change how

289
00:11:02,630 --> 00:11:00,160
can that change in space be altered

290
00:11:03,590 --> 00:11:02,640
that's part of the reason

291
00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:03,600
you know

292
00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:06,160
the these objects move through space

293
00:11:09,670 --> 00:11:07,760
um

294
00:11:11,190 --> 00:11:09,680
something like 30 kilometers a second so

295
00:11:12,630 --> 00:11:11,200
20 miles a second

296
00:11:14,069 --> 00:11:12,640
um

297
00:11:15,829 --> 00:11:14,079
if you have enough warning time if you

298
00:11:18,069 --> 00:11:15,839
have 20 years of warning 30 years of

299
00:11:19,829 --> 00:11:18,079
warning 15 years of warning all you need

300
00:11:21,829 --> 00:11:19,839
to do is change that speed by a little

301
00:11:23,430 --> 00:11:21,839
bit just a fraction of an inch

302
00:11:24,550 --> 00:11:23,440
uh per second

303
00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:24,560
and

304
00:11:28,790 --> 00:11:26,640
that gives it enough time to miss the

305
00:11:30,630 --> 00:11:28,800
earth entirely it's sort of like if you

306
00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:30,640
can imagine if you had two trains that

307
00:11:34,949 --> 00:11:33,360
you knew were going to collide

308
00:11:36,949 --> 00:11:34,959
if you knew it

309
00:11:38,389 --> 00:11:36,959
a day before then one of the trains

310
00:11:40,150 --> 00:11:38,399
would only have to change its speed by a

311
00:11:41,509 --> 00:11:40,160
little bit and you'd be fine if you

312
00:11:43,350 --> 00:11:41,519
found out

313
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:43,360
five minutes before then it's a very

314
00:11:47,269 --> 00:11:44,880
different story if you found out 10

315
00:11:49,750 --> 00:11:47,279
seconds before then you really have have

316
00:11:51,910 --> 00:11:49,760
to take some drastic action so part of

317
00:11:53,670 --> 00:11:51,920
it is the key is finding them early so

318
00:11:57,750 --> 00:11:53,680
that you can just make a little change

319
00:12:03,990 --> 00:12:00,310
logan on youtube asks how long have you

320
00:12:09,350 --> 00:12:06,550
oh um i've been working on dart since

321
00:12:11,590 --> 00:12:09,360
very close to the beginning i think it's

322
00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:11,600
a little over 10 years

323
00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:13,360
since um

324
00:12:16,230 --> 00:12:14,880
you know it basically was a was a

325
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:16,240
two-page

326
00:12:23,910 --> 00:12:22,480
andy ching over uh also at apl

327
00:12:26,470 --> 00:12:23,920
had come up with the idea of testing

328
00:12:28,870 --> 00:12:26,480
this technique on a binary system the d

329
00:12:29,750 --> 00:12:28,880
a double asteroid part of dart

330
00:12:31,829 --> 00:12:29,760
um

331
00:12:34,710 --> 00:12:31,839
and uh from there it's been kind of

332
00:12:38,389 --> 00:12:34,720
taking that that two-page document and

333
00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:38,399
making it uh more and more you know sure

334
00:12:42,389 --> 00:12:40,000
more and more mature so we could bring

335
00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:42,399
it to nasa convince them that uh that

336
00:12:46,389 --> 00:12:44,079
this was a good thing to do and then of

337
00:12:48,310 --> 00:12:46,399
course the engineers uh doing all of

338
00:12:49,829 --> 00:12:48,320
their work with the hardware

339
00:12:52,310 --> 00:12:49,839
putting it together building it that's

340
00:12:53,990 --> 00:12:52,320
been the last few years

341
00:12:55,350 --> 00:12:54,000
so it's really really amazing that now

342
00:12:56,629 --> 00:12:55,360
we're seeing this thing that that

343
00:12:58,870 --> 00:12:56,639
started out as again this kind of

344
00:13:01,030 --> 00:12:58,880
two-page two-page document

345
00:13:02,629 --> 00:13:01,040
turned into a piece of piece of hardware

346
00:13:06,230 --> 00:13:02,639
that's gonna sit on top of a rocket and

347
00:13:07,910 --> 00:13:06,240
then make its way out to the asteroids

348
00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:07,920
so andy i noticed that you said you know

349
00:13:12,550 --> 00:13:10,240
the double asteroid part of dart double

350
00:13:14,470 --> 00:13:12,560
estrogen reaction redirection test that

351
00:13:16,629 --> 00:13:14,480
we're going to this binary asteroid

352
00:13:20,150 --> 00:13:16,639
system can you tell me a bit about why

353
00:13:25,910 --> 00:13:23,590
absolutely um the uh the

354
00:13:28,949 --> 00:13:25,920
idea of testing a kinetic impactor like

355
00:13:30,550 --> 00:13:28,959
dark uh predates uh predate start by

356
00:13:32,150 --> 00:13:30,560
quite a bit the european space agency

357
00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:32,160
was first looking into it

358
00:13:36,069 --> 00:13:34,480
uh in the early years of this century

359
00:13:38,230 --> 00:13:36,079
but when they conceived that they

360
00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:38,240
imagined visiting a single asteroid in

361
00:13:43,350 --> 00:13:40,560
and changing its orbit around the sun

362
00:13:44,870 --> 00:13:43,360
so uh doing that as you might imagine is

363
00:13:47,670 --> 00:13:44,880
is a very precise measurement that needs

364
00:13:49,590 --> 00:13:47,680
to be made and they

365
00:13:51,670 --> 00:13:49,600
their concept had a second spacecraft

366
00:13:54,069 --> 00:13:51,680
sitting there to make that that

367
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,079
measurement um

368
00:13:59,590 --> 00:13:56,800
that was more more spacecraft than the

369
00:14:03,269 --> 00:13:59,600
europeans wanted to to uh devote to the

370
00:14:05,750 --> 00:14:03,279
problem at the time so um the idea of

371
00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:05,760
going to a double asteroid and watching

372
00:14:09,030 --> 00:14:07,920
this the brightness go up and down from

373
00:14:10,949 --> 00:14:09,040
the earth

374
00:14:13,189 --> 00:14:10,959
um means that you can do it with just

375
00:14:16,310 --> 00:14:13,199
one spacecraft you you don't have to

376
00:14:17,829 --> 00:14:16,320
build two spacecraft send two spacecraft

377
00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:17,839
you can

378
00:14:21,430 --> 00:14:19,920
change the orbit of the of the moon and

379
00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:21,440
then measure what you did from

380
00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:22,720
telescopes

381
00:14:28,949 --> 00:14:27,269
so

382
00:14:31,990 --> 00:14:28,959
keeping in line with dart and the launch

383
00:14:34,470 --> 00:14:32,000
so melanie on youtube asks i'm excited

384
00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:34,480
and i'm scared what should i expect on

385
00:14:40,790 --> 00:14:38,160
the 23rd 24th of november

386
00:14:42,949 --> 00:14:40,800
well melanie i i i feel you i you know

387
00:14:46,230 --> 00:14:42,959
excited and scared is uh i think that's

388
00:14:48,150 --> 00:14:46,240
going around so um

389
00:14:50,949 --> 00:14:48,160
the uh the we're gonna be launching out

390
00:14:52,069 --> 00:14:50,959
of vandenberg uh space force base

391
00:14:54,870 --> 00:14:52,079
um

392
00:14:55,829 --> 00:14:54,880
and uh we're gonna be on a falcon 9

393
00:14:58,790 --> 00:14:55,839
rocket

394
00:15:01,670 --> 00:14:58,800
uh we are gonna

395
00:15:02,629 --> 00:15:01,680
launch um it's gonna be uh kind of late

396
00:15:04,949 --> 00:15:02,639
at night

397
00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:04,959
uh something like 10 20 p.m

398
00:15:09,750 --> 00:15:07,360
on the west coast and in the early early

399
00:15:10,870 --> 00:15:09,760
morning uh wednesday on the east coast

400
00:15:12,949 --> 00:15:10,880
is the plan

401
00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:12,959
uh and then you you can see that the

402
00:15:19,030 --> 00:15:16,399
video here dart will uh separate uh from

403
00:15:21,430 --> 00:15:19,040
from the main uh booster uh it's gonna

404
00:15:23,750 --> 00:15:21,440
spend a little time um

405
00:15:26,150 --> 00:15:23,760
getting its solar wing solar panels

406
00:15:28,230 --> 00:15:26,160
extended uh and then we think about a

407
00:15:29,910 --> 00:15:28,240
half hour 20 minutes to a half hour

408
00:15:32,310 --> 00:15:29,920
after the launch it will

409
00:15:34,550 --> 00:15:32,320
fire the rockets to to kind of get uh

410
00:15:36,230 --> 00:15:34,560
get on its way toward dynamos

411
00:15:37,990 --> 00:15:36,240
uh so um

412
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:38,000
we're looking forward to it and uh you

413
00:15:43,590 --> 00:15:41,920
know we're excited uh i think i think

414
00:15:44,470 --> 00:15:43,600
you know it's a crazy thing we're doing

415
00:15:46,629 --> 00:15:44,480
so

416
00:15:48,870 --> 00:15:46,639
uh i think scared is not uh

417
00:15:52,230 --> 00:15:48,880
not a foreign uh feeling but also uh

418
00:15:55,670 --> 00:15:53,829
as a reminder we're chatting with andy

419
00:15:57,749 --> 00:15:55,680
rivkin from nasa's double asteroid

420
00:15:59,269 --> 00:15:57,759
redirection test mission and if you'd

421
00:16:01,110 --> 00:15:59,279
like to ask him a question about

422
00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:01,120
planetary defense at nasa or the dart

423
00:16:05,670 --> 00:16:02,880
mission you can send it in using the

424
00:16:07,030 --> 00:16:05,680
hashtag ask nasa or by writing in the

425
00:16:08,629 --> 00:16:07,040
comment box wherever you're watching

426
00:16:10,790 --> 00:16:08,639
today's broadcast

427
00:16:13,110 --> 00:16:10,800
so andy our next question comes from

428
00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:13,120
patricia benner smith on facebook who

429
00:16:16,710 --> 00:16:14,240
asks

430
00:16:18,150 --> 00:16:16,720
so will pieces of the asteroid break off

431
00:16:19,829 --> 00:16:18,160
and will they become

432
00:16:24,310 --> 00:16:19,839
millions of little meteorites that might

433
00:16:27,430 --> 00:16:26,470
great great question and something that

434
00:16:29,269 --> 00:16:27,440
um

435
00:16:31,590 --> 00:16:29,279
is is something that we've looked into

436
00:16:33,749 --> 00:16:31,600
and others have looked into um the

437
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:33,759
expectation certainly is that when dart

438
00:16:38,949 --> 00:16:36,800
hits demorphos that it will make debris

439
00:16:39,910 --> 00:16:38,959
that debris will will come off of the

440
00:16:42,470 --> 00:16:39,920
surface

441
00:16:45,509 --> 00:16:42,480
of demorphos um

442
00:16:47,749 --> 00:16:45,519
and um in fact leech a cube which is a

443
00:16:48,629 --> 00:16:47,759
cubesat that the italian space agency is

444
00:16:51,189 --> 00:16:48,639
building

445
00:16:53,749 --> 00:16:51,199
um has built it's already built it's

446
00:16:56,150 --> 00:16:53,759
done it's it's attached uh legit cube

447
00:16:58,870 --> 00:16:56,160
has uh for its um

448
00:16:59,990 --> 00:16:58,880
objectives to actually take images

449
00:17:02,470 --> 00:17:00,000
of

450
00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:02,480
uh the the debris cloud that uh that

451
00:17:04,949 --> 00:17:03,920
dark makes when it impacts because

452
00:17:07,029 --> 00:17:04,959
that's going to give us information

453
00:17:08,390 --> 00:17:07,039
about demorphos itself

454
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:08,400
um

455
00:17:15,429 --> 00:17:11,120
the amount of material that is made by

456
00:17:16,549 --> 00:17:15,439
the dart impact um is not very large

457
00:17:18,390 --> 00:17:16,559
um

458
00:17:20,390 --> 00:17:18,400
you know you might

459
00:17:22,150 --> 00:17:20,400
remember that objects are naturally

460
00:17:23,750 --> 00:17:22,160
hitting objects in space all the time

461
00:17:27,029 --> 00:17:23,760
and making meteorites

462
00:17:29,110 --> 00:17:27,039
um people have studied how much material

463
00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:29,120
from the dart impact might make its way

464
00:17:34,150 --> 00:17:31,200
to earth and the amount is

465
00:17:36,230 --> 00:17:34,160
minuscule i think uh the the report i

466
00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:36,240
remember seeing was maybe one extra

467
00:17:39,590 --> 00:17:37,600
shooting star

468
00:17:42,070 --> 00:17:39,600
um you know over the course of a decade

469
00:17:43,270 --> 00:17:42,080
so we are not gonna do anything that's

470
00:17:44,950 --> 00:17:43,280
that's gonna

471
00:17:46,470 --> 00:17:44,960
uh come to earth we're not gonna do

472
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:46,480
anything that's that's going to going to

473
00:17:52,230 --> 00:17:48,960
be a problem for satellites

474
00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:52,240
uh or anything like that

475
00:17:56,310 --> 00:17:54,720
so speaking of leachate cube dan shields

476
00:17:58,470 --> 00:17:56,320
on twitter asks

477
00:18:01,110 --> 00:17:58,480
once hashtag dart mission and lychee

478
00:18:03,270 --> 00:18:01,120
over cube results are analyzed what's

479
00:18:05,669 --> 00:18:03,280
next are there subsequent missions or

480
00:18:08,390 --> 00:18:05,679
targets identified or will that come

481
00:18:12,870 --> 00:18:10,470
um sure i'm always happy to answer you

482
00:18:17,350 --> 00:18:12,880
know a twitter question with my tweets

483
00:18:20,950 --> 00:18:17,360
um the the uh the most direct immediate

484
00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:20,960
uh follow-up to dart is the hera mission

485
00:18:24,789 --> 00:18:22,720
which the european space agency is going

486
00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:24,799
to be launching a few years after dart

487
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:27,679
it will arrive at the dynamo system i

488
00:18:31,270 --> 00:18:30,320
should know this i think it's 2026

489
00:18:33,510 --> 00:18:31,280
um

490
00:18:35,110 --> 00:18:33,520
and they will do direct measurements

491
00:18:37,029 --> 00:18:35,120
that will uh

492
00:18:38,310 --> 00:18:37,039
be useful on their own

493
00:18:39,669 --> 00:18:38,320
they'll do some great science and

494
00:18:42,549 --> 00:18:39,679
they'll also be doing some follow-up

495
00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:42,559
measurements uh that will help uh help

496
00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:45,440
us continue to analyze dart

497
00:18:50,710 --> 00:18:47,840
in terms of the planetary defense office

498
00:18:51,909 --> 00:18:50,720
uh the next mission that i think most

499
00:18:55,190 --> 00:18:51,919
people are

500
00:18:57,750 --> 00:18:55,200
expecting uh is a telescope mission uh

501
00:19:01,029 --> 00:18:57,760
called neo surveyor which will

502
00:19:03,430 --> 00:19:01,039
go back to the job of trying to find

503
00:19:06,230 --> 00:19:03,440
asteroids out there trying to catalog

504
00:19:07,590 --> 00:19:06,240
the the asteroid population and uh

505
00:19:09,110 --> 00:19:07,600
understand the potentially hazard

506
00:19:13,270 --> 00:19:09,120
asteroids that are out there make sure

507
00:19:18,549 --> 00:19:16,390
so jamie jeans on facebook asks

508
00:19:21,990 --> 00:19:18,559
is there an asteroid coming our way is

509
00:19:22,830 --> 00:19:22,000
there an asteroid headed toward earth

510
00:19:30,710 --> 00:19:22,840
um

511
00:19:32,549 --> 00:19:30,720
we are hit by material all of the time

512
00:19:34,950 --> 00:19:32,559
anytime you go out into your backyard

513
00:19:37,110 --> 00:19:34,960
and you see a shooting star that is

514
00:19:38,549 --> 00:19:37,120
asteroidal or cometary material material

515
00:19:41,110 --> 00:19:38,559
hitting the earth it's it's maybe the

516
00:19:42,390 --> 00:19:41,120
size of a sand grain um the earth gets

517
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:42,400
hit by

518
00:19:45,430 --> 00:19:44,160
objects the size of the chair i'm

519
00:19:46,710 --> 00:19:45,440
sitting in i don't know the chair you're

520
00:19:48,950 --> 00:19:46,720
sitting in i assume it's probably about

521
00:19:50,070 --> 00:19:48,960
the same size um maybe three or four

522
00:19:52,150 --> 00:19:50,080
times a year

523
00:19:54,710 --> 00:19:52,160
um depending on the size of your couch

524
00:19:56,390 --> 00:19:54,720
we get hit by couch sized material again

525
00:19:58,789 --> 00:19:56,400
maybe once a year

526
00:20:00,630 --> 00:19:58,799
um as you get larger and larger

527
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:00,640
objects they hit less and less

528
00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:02,720
frequently um

529
00:20:05,590 --> 00:20:04,559
so um

530
00:20:07,669 --> 00:20:05,600
that's again part of the reason that

531
00:20:09,270 --> 00:20:07,679
that we are want to send missions like

532
00:20:11,909 --> 00:20:09,280
the neo survey are out to look for

533
00:20:14,310 --> 00:20:11,919
material uh objects that might be large

534
00:20:16,710 --> 00:20:14,320
enough to worry about coming our way um

535
00:20:19,270 --> 00:20:16,720
we know of no objects that are large

536
00:20:20,630 --> 00:20:19,280
enough to cause any damage

537
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,640
uh

538
00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:22,320
that are that are coming our way so i

539
00:20:27,270 --> 00:20:25,440
can absolutely reassure you of that

540
00:20:29,190 --> 00:20:27,280
well that's good to hear

541
00:20:31,669 --> 00:20:29,200
our next question comes from sarah on

542
00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:31,679
twitter who asks how long will it take

543
00:20:36,470 --> 00:20:35,520
dart to get to the dynamo system

544
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:36,480
um

545
00:20:40,950 --> 00:20:38,640
great question uh

546
00:20:43,029 --> 00:20:40,960
dart will arrive

547
00:20:44,950 --> 00:20:43,039
in um

548
00:20:48,870 --> 00:20:44,960
the end of september

549
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:48,880
to the the start of october in 2022

550
00:20:54,310 --> 00:20:51,760
the exact date of arrival depends on the

551
00:20:55,669 --> 00:20:54,320
exact date of launch

552
00:20:57,510 --> 00:20:55,679
but it's going to be somewhere in that

553
00:20:59,669 --> 00:20:57,520
last week of september to the first

554
00:21:03,430 --> 00:20:59,679
couple days of october

555
00:21:05,750 --> 00:21:03,440
our launch period is a long one so um

556
00:21:07,029 --> 00:21:05,760
a week from two week from tomorrow is

557
00:21:08,390 --> 00:21:07,039
the the first

558
00:21:11,510 --> 00:21:08,400
opportunity we have to launch yeah

559
00:21:13,350 --> 00:21:11,520
that's crazy um but the last opportunity

560
00:21:14,870 --> 00:21:13,360
we have to launch is is a few months

561
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:14,880
from now certainly the expectations will

562
00:21:18,950 --> 00:21:17,120
launch as soon as we can

563
00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:18,960
but if for some reason we didn't launch

564
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:21,520
until january we still would arrive

565
00:21:27,510 --> 00:21:23,280
kind of in that that late september

566
00:21:33,190 --> 00:21:30,789
kct monday on facebook asks

567
00:21:37,350 --> 00:21:33,200
can you predict the new trajectory upon

568
00:21:47,430 --> 00:21:38,710
um

569
00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:47,440
the new trajectory of tomorrowpost the

570
00:21:51,510 --> 00:21:49,120
the dymorphos the new orbit of demorphus

571
00:21:52,390 --> 00:21:51,520
is is what we're hoping to measure

572
00:21:56,070 --> 00:21:52,400
um

573
00:21:58,230 --> 00:21:56,080
we're bringing in or we're sure we're

574
00:22:00,630 --> 00:21:58,240
bringing in and given the way we think

575
00:22:02,549 --> 00:22:00,640
the morphos will

576
00:22:04,470 --> 00:22:02,559
act when we hit it and the amount of

577
00:22:06,549 --> 00:22:04,480
material we think it throws off we're

578
00:22:08,310 --> 00:22:06,559
expecting to change the orbit period by

579
00:22:11,430 --> 00:22:08,320
something like 10 minutes but it could

580
00:22:12,870 --> 00:22:11,440
be 20 or it could be 30.

581
00:22:14,230 --> 00:22:12,880
we we don't think it could be much less

582
00:22:16,870 --> 00:22:14,240
than 10 minutes

583
00:22:18,870 --> 00:22:16,880
we uh are not and we're going to make it

584
00:22:20,230 --> 00:22:18,880
into smaller orbit as as shown in this

585
00:22:21,669 --> 00:22:20,240
uh this uh

586
00:22:22,789 --> 00:22:21,679
animation here so we know we're going to

587
00:22:23,909 --> 00:22:22,799
make the orbit of demorphism a little

588
00:22:25,830 --> 00:22:23,919
bit smaller

589
00:22:28,630 --> 00:22:25,840
um we don't think we're going to

590
00:22:30,710 --> 00:22:28,640
appreciatively change the orbit of

591
00:22:32,230 --> 00:22:30,720
dynamos around the sun in fact i say we

592
00:22:33,990 --> 00:22:32,240
don't think we are confident we're not

593
00:22:36,710 --> 00:22:34,000
going to change that in fact we're not

594
00:22:38,789 --> 00:22:36,720
going to make a change that is

595
00:22:40,549 --> 00:22:38,799
measurable compared to our current

596
00:22:41,430 --> 00:22:40,559
knowledge of the orbit of dynamos around

597
00:22:46,549 --> 00:22:41,440
the sun

598
00:22:51,990 --> 00:22:49,350
and speaking of this uh asteroid system

599
00:22:54,549 --> 00:22:52,000
and darts kinetic impact

600
00:22:56,230 --> 00:22:54,559
robert cyrentini on facebook asks why

601
00:22:58,149 --> 00:22:56,240
not test our theory on an asteroid that

602
00:23:00,149 --> 00:22:58,159
does not pose a threat so that we can

603
00:23:01,270 --> 00:23:00,159
measure that reaction and i think andy

604
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:01,280
you might have some clarifying

605
00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:03,520
information here

606
00:23:08,789 --> 00:23:06,320
yeah absolutely dynamos is not a threat

607
00:23:10,149 --> 00:23:08,799
dynamos is not the orbit of dynamos does

608
00:23:11,909 --> 00:23:10,159
not intersect that of earth we're not

609
00:23:15,110 --> 00:23:11,919
going to change it to do that

610
00:23:17,669 --> 00:23:15,120
um part of the the

611
00:23:20,149 --> 00:23:17,679
uh confusion or or there there's the

612
00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:20,159
potential force confusion in that there

613
00:23:24,630 --> 00:23:22,400
is a group

614
00:23:26,950 --> 00:23:24,640
a grouping of asteroids that are called

615
00:23:30,630 --> 00:23:26,960
potentially hazardous asteroids um and

616
00:23:32,070 --> 00:23:30,640
they are defined by their orbits but

617
00:23:34,390 --> 00:23:32,080
even though they are all called

618
00:23:36,710 --> 00:23:34,400
potentially hazardous asteroids

619
00:23:38,149 --> 00:23:36,720
they're not actually potentially

620
00:23:40,870 --> 00:23:38,159
hazardous in the way that most people

621
00:23:43,190 --> 00:23:40,880
use the term so dynamos is orbit it

622
00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:43,200
comes close to earth but not close

623
00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:45,520
enough that it is actually going to be a

624
00:23:55,830 --> 00:23:53,510
interesting on youtube asks will nasa be

625
00:23:59,590 --> 00:23:55,840
able to control dart's trajectory or is

626
00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:59,600
it entirely reliant on smart nav

627
00:24:01,750 --> 00:24:00,480
oh

628
00:24:07,190 --> 00:24:01,760
um

629
00:24:09,269 --> 00:24:07,200
navigation system that will bring us in

630
00:24:10,310 --> 00:24:09,279
for the kind of final approach

631
00:24:12,789 --> 00:24:10,320
um

632
00:24:15,430 --> 00:24:12,799
it is not going to be operating until

633
00:24:18,390 --> 00:24:15,440
the last few hours of the mission up

634
00:24:20,390 --> 00:24:18,400
until then um there will be uh

635
00:24:22,630 --> 00:24:20,400
trajectory changes and and

636
00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:22,640
burns that are that are like typical for

637
00:24:26,789 --> 00:24:24,720
a mission um

638
00:24:28,230 --> 00:24:26,799
uh my understanding and i'm not an

639
00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:28,240
engineer so hopefully i'm not gonna

640
00:24:33,430 --> 00:24:30,480
screw this up uh my understanding is

641
00:24:34,950 --> 00:24:33,440
that there is the potential to possibly

642
00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:34,960
intervene

643
00:24:39,350 --> 00:24:37,360
but that there is no no plan to

644
00:24:40,710 --> 00:24:39,360
intervene so we think smart nav is going

645
00:24:41,830 --> 00:24:40,720
to be able to do the job in those last

646
00:24:42,710 --> 00:24:41,840
few hours

647
00:24:47,230 --> 00:24:42,720
um

648
00:24:52,310 --> 00:24:49,990
ivoo0404 on youtube asks

649
00:24:53,990 --> 00:24:52,320
will the loss of the crashing asteroid

650
00:24:56,549 --> 00:24:54,000
affect the trajectory of the other

651
00:24:58,630 --> 00:24:56,559
asteroid

652
00:25:02,470 --> 00:24:58,640
oh yeah we are we are not going to

653
00:25:05,510 --> 00:25:02,480
destroy the demorphos um

654
00:25:07,430 --> 00:25:05,520
it's it's going to we're going to make a

655
00:25:09,110 --> 00:25:07,440
crater we think the crater will be

656
00:25:10,549 --> 00:25:09,120
something like 15 meters across but the

657
00:25:14,549 --> 00:25:10,559
whole object is

658
00:25:16,310 --> 00:25:14,559
160 or more meters across um and it's

659
00:25:19,590 --> 00:25:16,320
that that

660
00:25:22,149 --> 00:25:19,600
distance deep too so um you know

661
00:25:23,909 --> 00:25:22,159
again we're we're hitting a uh the pyram

662
00:25:26,630 --> 00:25:23,919
one of the pyramids with with a vending

663
00:25:28,470 --> 00:25:26,640
machine and uh kind of

664
00:25:30,630 --> 00:25:28,480
you know no matter how how hard we throw

665
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:30,640
the vending machine at the pyramids

666
00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:32,240
we're not going to do more than maybe

667
00:25:36,470 --> 00:25:33,279
make a

668
00:25:38,390 --> 00:25:36,480
surface

669
00:25:40,310 --> 00:25:38,400
so uh demorphos we'll we'll be fine

670
00:25:41,990 --> 00:25:40,320
demorphos is had worse

671
00:25:45,269 --> 00:25:42,000
um and uh

672
00:25:47,110 --> 00:25:45,279
may again have worse after us so uh

673
00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:47,120
it'll be okay

674
00:25:50,870 --> 00:25:48,640
so andrew we have time for one more

675
00:25:52,710 --> 00:25:50,880
question and i hope you could tell us a

676
00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:52,720
bit more about your career your job at

677
00:25:57,190 --> 00:25:55,919
apl sounds fascinating um i'm curious if

678
00:25:58,789 --> 00:25:57,200
you could just tell us a bit more about

679
00:26:00,870 --> 00:25:58,799
how you got to where you are now and

680
00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:00,880
perhaps if you have any advice for those

681
00:26:09,909 --> 00:26:05,909
uh sure free advice worth every penny as

682
00:26:11,909 --> 00:26:09,919
they say um i uh started out uh i've

683
00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:11,919
always loved space ever since i was a

684
00:26:15,590 --> 00:26:13,760
kid one of my first uh memories was the

685
00:26:17,029 --> 00:26:15,600
viking landing on mars i was six or

686
00:26:18,310 --> 00:26:17,039
seven years old and i remember seeing

687
00:26:21,430 --> 00:26:18,320
the newspapers and getting into space

688
00:26:22,789 --> 00:26:21,440
then and i've been uh following it uh

689
00:26:26,710 --> 00:26:22,799
avidly since

690
00:26:28,230 --> 00:26:26,720
um i went to undergraduate at uh mit

691
00:26:29,830 --> 00:26:28,240
uh where i majored in earth atmospheric

692
00:26:32,310 --> 00:26:29,840
and planetary sciences i knew even then

693
00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:32,320
that i was i was a planet guy and an

694
00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:34,480
asteroid guy not a galaxy and uh

695
00:26:37,669 --> 00:26:36,080
cosmology kind of guy

696
00:26:39,029 --> 00:26:37,679
uh went to

697
00:26:40,549 --> 00:26:39,039
uh

698
00:26:42,070 --> 00:26:40,559
graduate school in tucson at the

699
00:26:43,590 --> 00:26:42,080
university of arizona where i met a

700
00:26:46,230 --> 00:26:43,600
bunch of great great folks i met some

701
00:26:48,870 --> 00:26:46,240
great folks at mit too um

702
00:26:51,510 --> 00:26:48,880
and then i eventually made my way back

703
00:26:53,669 --> 00:26:51,520
uh to mit as a research scientist and

704
00:26:57,110 --> 00:26:53,679
from there i've i've been at uh apl

705
00:26:59,990 --> 00:26:57,120
since 2005. so um advice i would give

706
00:27:01,750 --> 00:27:00,000
anyone who's in science uh is to keep

707
00:27:02,630 --> 00:27:01,760
your non-science hobbies they keep you

708
00:27:05,350 --> 00:27:02,640
fresh

709
00:27:07,190 --> 00:27:05,360
uh they they allow you to kind of

710
00:27:08,870 --> 00:27:07,200
stretch your mind in ways that that

711
00:27:09,909 --> 00:27:08,880
maybe you don't necessarily always get

712
00:27:11,990 --> 00:27:09,919
kind of

713
00:27:15,029 --> 00:27:12,000
hunched over your python code or or your

714
00:27:17,990 --> 00:27:15,039
telescope so uh just uh you know hold on

715
00:27:20,230 --> 00:27:18,000
to hold on if you can to your dancing or

716
00:27:21,590 --> 00:27:20,240
your your violin playing or your

717
00:27:24,149 --> 00:27:21,600
sketching

718
00:27:25,909 --> 00:27:24,159
or your your craft you know your candle

719
00:27:27,750 --> 00:27:25,919
making so uh that's that would be my

720
00:27:29,350 --> 00:27:27,760
advice

721
00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:29,360
andy thank you so much again for your

722
00:27:33,110 --> 00:27:30,640
time and for joining us today it's

723
00:27:34,549 --> 00:27:33,120
really been a pleasure

724
00:27:36,070 --> 00:27:34,559
thanks uh thanks again for having me

725
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:36,080
thanks for all the great questions and

726
00:27:41,110 --> 00:27:38,880
uh go dart

727
00:27:43,269 --> 00:27:41,120
go dart and thank you all for watching

728
00:27:45,110 --> 00:27:43,279
from home you can keep up with nasa's

729
00:27:47,430 --> 00:27:45,120
dart mission on social media by using

730
00:27:49,909 --> 00:27:47,440
the hashtag dartmission

731
00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:49,919
and you can follow nasa's solar system

732
00:27:54,549 --> 00:27:52,960
on twitter facebook and instagram

733
00:27:56,710 --> 00:27:54,559
you can keep up with all of nasa's

734
00:27:59,029 --> 00:27:56,720
asteroid related and planetary defense

735
00:28:00,230 --> 00:27:59,039
related news by following asteroid watch

736
00:28:02,470 --> 00:28:00,240
on twitter

737
00:28:04,710 --> 00:28:02,480
and for all the latest news on dart

738
00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:04,720
visit nasa.gov

739
00:28:10,789 --> 00:28:05,760
dart

740
00:28:13,990 --> 00:28:10,799
currently scheduled for november 24th at

741
00:28:15,510 --> 00:28:14,000
1 20 a.m eastern time thank you all